New EPPO lists of invasive alien plants
The EPPO webpages on invasive alien plants have been revised in order to provide updated lists of invasive alien plants and information on all the latest initiatives (e.g. on the Code of conduct on horticulture and invasive alien plants).
The procedure to list invasive alien plants has been standardized. The EPPO Panel on Invasive Alien Species developed the EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants, and assessed all invasive alien plants listed in the EPPO system (i.e. in the previously existing EPPO Lists) through this process. This prioritization process is designed (i) to produce a list of invasive alien plants that are established or could potentially establish in the EPPO region, and (ii) to determine which of these have the highest priority for an EPPO Pest Risk Analysis.
Following this procedure, when a new species is identified as a potential threat for the EPPO region (already present in the EPPO region or absent) by a member country or by the EPPO Secretariat, this species is documented through a mini datasheet which is published in the EPPO Reporting Service and is included on the EPPO Alert List. The following table provides the species included in the EPPO Alert List as of June 2012, with their family and date of addition:
|
Species
|
Family
|
Date of addition to the Alert list
|
|
Andropogon virginicus
|
Poaceae
|
2011
|
|
Asparagus asparagoides
|
Asparagaceae
|
2012
|
|
Limnophila sessiliflora
|
Plantaginaceae
|
2012
|
|
Miscanthus sinensis
|
Poaceae
|
2011
|
|
Parthenium hysterophorus
|
Asteraceae
|
2011
|
Each species of the Alert List is then assessed individually through the EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants. The process examines whether the species is alien in the area under study, and whether it is established or not. The spread potential, the potential negative impacts on native species, habitats and ecosystems, as well as on agriculture, horticulture or forestry are considered as well.
If there is not enough information on the species or if the impacts it poses are not high, the species (present or absent from the EPPO region) is then registered on the Observation List. This Observation List was created in 2012. Inclusion of a species into this list is not definitive. Changes can be made when additional information is recorded, particularly when information on invasiveness becomes available, or when a significant change in the invasive behaviour of a plant is observed. The following table provides the species included in the EPPO Observation list as of June 2012, with their family and date of addition:
|
Species
|
Family
|
Date of addition to the Observation List
|
|
Akebia quinata
|
Lardizabalaceae
|
2012
|
|
Araujia sericifera
|
Asclepiadoideae
|
2012
|
|
Azolla filiculoides
|
Salviniaceae
|
2012
|
|
Bidens frondosa
|
Asteraceae
|
2012
|
|
Cenchrus incertus
|
Poaceae
|
2012
|
|
Eragrostis curvula
|
Poaceae
|
2012
|
|
Eriochloa villosa
|
Poaceae
|
2012
|
|
Gymnocoronis spilanthoides
|
Asteraceae
|
2012
|
|
Lupinus polyphyllus
|
Fabaceae
|
2012
|
|
Lysichiton americanus (A2 in 2005 - deleted in 2009)
|
Araceae
|
2012
|
|
Rhododendron ponticum
|
Ericaceae
|
2012
|
|
Sesbania punicea
|
Fabaceae
|
2012
|
|
Solidago nemoralis
|
Asteraceae
|
2012
|
|
Stipa trichotoma, S.neesiana and S. tenuissima
|
Poaceae
|
2012
|
|
Verbesina encelioides
|
Asteraceae
|
2012
|
If the species assessed is determined to have a high spread potential and has a high impact on native species, habitats and ecosystems, or on agriculture, horticulture and forestry, the species is then registered on the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants. The species registered on the List of Invasive Alien Plants have also been assessed through the second step of the EPPO prioritization process designed to determine whether the species represents a priority for Pest Risk Analysis. The following table provides the species included in the EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants as of June 2012, with their family, date of addition and level of priority for Pest Risk Analysis (PRA):
|
Species
|
Family
|
Date of addition to the List of IAP
|
Priority for PRA
|
|
Acacia dealbata
|
Fabaceae
|
2006
|
Priority
|
|
Acroptilon repens
|
Asteraceae
|
2005
|
Lower priority
|
|
Ailanthus altissima
|
Simaroubaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Alternanthera philoxeroides
|
Amaranthaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Ambrosia artemisiifolia
|
Asteraceae
|
2004
|
Lower priority
|
|
Amelanchier spicata
|
Rosaceae
|
2004
|
Lower priority
|
|
Amorpha fruticosa
|
Fabaceae
|
2006
|
Lower priority
|
|
Baccharis halimifolia
|
Asteraceae
|
2006
|
Priority
|
|
Buddleia davidii
|
Scrophulariaceae
|
2006
|
Lower priority
|
|
Cabomba caroliniana
|
Cabombaceae
|
2006
|
PRA available
|
|
Carpobrotus acinaciformis
|
Aizoaceae
|
2006
|
Not a priority
|
|
Carpobrotus edulis
|
Aizoaceae
|
2006
|
Not a priority
|
|
Cornus sericea
|
Cornaceae
|
2012
|
Lower priority
|
|
Cortaderia selloana
|
Poaceae
|
2006
|
Lower priority
|
|
Delairea odorata
|
Asteraceae
|
2012
|
Lower priority
|
|
Cyperus esculentus
|
Cyperaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Egeria densa
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
2005
|
Lower priority
|
|
Elodea nuttallii
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Fallopia baldschuanica
|
Polygonaceae
|
2012
|
Lower priority
|
|
Fallopia japonica
|
Polygonaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Fallopia sachalinensis
|
Polygonaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Fallopia x bohemica
|
Polygonaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Hakea sericea
|
Proteaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Helianthus tuberosus
|
Asteraceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Heracleum mantegazzianum
|
Apiaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Humulus japonicus
|
Cannabaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Hydrilla verticillata
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Impatiens glandulifera
|
Balsaminaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Lagarosiphon major
|
Hydrocharitaceae
|
2004
|
Priority
|
|
Microstegium vimineum
|
Poaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Myriophyllum aquaticum
|
Haloragaceae
|
2004
|
Lower priority
|
|
Myriophyllum heterophyllum
|
Haloragaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Oxalis pes-caprae
|
Oxalidaceae
|
2006
|
Not a priority
|
|
Paspalum distichum
|
Poaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Pennisetum setaceum
|
Poaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Pistia stratiotes
|
Araceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Prunus serotina
|
Rosaceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Salvinia molesta
|
Salviniaceae
|
2012
|
Priority
|
|
Senecio inaequidens
|
Asteraceae
|
2004
|
PRA available
|
|
Sicyos angulatus
|
Cucurbitaceae
|
2005
|
PRA available
|
|
Solidago canadensis
|
Asteraceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
|
Solidago gigantea
|
Asteraceae
|
2004
|
Not a priority
|
Selected species are then the object of a Pest Risk Analysis when the resources allow this. If the Pest Risk Analysis determines that the species represents a risk, the plant is then recommended for regulation and registered on the A1 or A2 EPPO Lists, as is the case of the following species:
|
Species
|
Family
|
Date of addition to the A1/A2 List
|
|
Crassula helmsii
|
Crassulaceae
|
A2 in 2006
|
|
Eichhornia crassipes
|
Pontederiaceae
|
A2 in 2008
|
|
Heracleum persicum
|
Apiaceae
|
A2 in 2009
|
|
Heracleum sosnowskyi
|
Apiaceae
|
A2 in 2009
|
|
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides
|
Apiaceae
|
A2 in 2005
|
|
Ludwigia peploides & L. grandiflora
|
Onagraceae
|
A2 in 2011
|
|
Polygonum perfoliatum
|
Polygonaceae
|
A2 in 2008
|
|
Pueraria lobata
|
Fabaceae
|
A2 in 2006
|
|
Solanum elaeagnifolium
|
Solanaceae
|
A2 in 2006
|
Sources
EPPO Website. http://www.eppo.int/INVASIVE_PLANTS/ias_plants.htm
Brunel S, Branquart E, Fried G, van Valkenburg J, Brundu G, Starfinger U, Buholzer S, Uludag A, Joseffson M & Baker R (2010) The EPPO prioritization process for invasive alien plants. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin 40, 407-422