Invasive alien species in Norway
A set of semi-quantitative criteria to assess ecological impacts of alien species have been developed in Norway. Classification of alien species into impact categories combines 9 criteria, of which 3 determine the species’ invasion potential and 6 the ecological effect. The criteria are the following: A-expected lifetimes, B1- spread velocity and B2- increase in occupied area, C-colonisation of habitat type, D-interactions with native threatened or rare species, E-interactions with other species, F- changes in threatened or rare habitat type, G- changes in other habitat type, H-genetic introgression, I-host for parasite or pathogen.
By combining invasion potential (small, restricted, moderate, high), and ecological effect (no known, minor, medium, major), the species is then placed into one of the five impact categories: severe, high, potentially high, low, or no known impact.
Following these criteria, 2320 species have been assessed in Norway (all types of organisms considered). The alien plants falling in the severe impact category are listed in the table below, with information on their area of origin and their indicative distribution in the EPPO region (according to the NOBANIS and DAISIE databases).
|
Species
|
Origin
|
Distribution in EPPO region as alien
|
|
Acer pseudoplatanus (Sapindaceae)
|
Europe, Caucasus
|
BE, EE, IE, GB, LT, NL, NO, PT (Azores, Madeira), SE
|
|
Achillea nobilis (Asteraceae)
|
Eurasia
|
DK, EE, LV, LT, NO, SE
|
|
Allium schoenoprasum subsp. schoenoprasum (Amaryllidaceae)
|
Cosmop.
|
NO
|
|
Amelanchier alnifolia (Rosaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
DE, DK, EE, FI, NO, SE
|
|
Amelanchier lamarckii (Rosaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
BE, DK, FI, FR, DE, GB, IT, NL, NO, SE
|
|
Amelanchier spicata (Rosaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
AT, DE, DK, EE, FI, LV, LT, NO, PL, SE, RU
|
|
Arabis caucasica (Brassicaceae)
|
Caucasus
|
AT, BE, CH, CZ, DE, DK, FR, IE, NO, PT (Madeira), SE
|
|
Arctium tomentosum (Asteraceae)
|
Eurasia
|
CZ, DK, FI, GL, NO, SE
|
|
Barbarea vulgaris (Brassicaceae)
|
Eurasia, N-Af.
|
DK, NO, SJ
|
|
Berberis thunbergii (Berberidaceae)
|
Asia
|
AT, DE, DK, FI, GB, LV, NL, NO, SE
|
|
Calystegia sepium subsp. spectabilis (Convolvulaceae)
|
Asia
|
NO
|
|
Campanula latifolia var.; macrantha (Campanulaceae)
|
Eur.
|
DK, NO
|
|
Cerastium tomentosum (Caryophyllaceae)
|
S-Eur.
|
AT, BE, DE, DK, EE, GB, IE, NL, NO, SE
|
|
Clematis alpina (Ranunculaceae)
|
Eurasia
|
NO
|
|
Cornus sericea (Cornaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
BE, DE, CH, GB IE, LV, NL, PL, RU
|
|
Corydalis solida (Papaveraceae)
|
Eurasia, Af.
|
DK, NO, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster bullatus (Rosaceae)
|
Asia
|
DK, IE, NO, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster dielsianus (Rosaceae)
|
Asia
|
AT, DE, DK, GB, NO, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster divaricatus (Rosaceae)
|
Asia
|
AT, DE, DK, GB, EE, NO, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster horizontalis (Rosaceae)
|
Asia
|
AT, BE, DK, IE, LT, NL, NO, PL, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster lucidus (Rosaceae)
|
Asia
|
DK, EE, FI, GB, LV, NO, PL, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster multiflorus (Roasaceae)
|
Asia
|
DK, GB, NO, SE
|
|
Cotoneaster salicifolius (Roasaceae)
|
Asia
|
BE, GB, IE, IT, NO
|
|
Elodea canadensis (Hydrocharitaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
Very widespread
|
|
Elodea nuttalli (Hydrocharitaceae, EPPO List of Invasive Alien Plants)
|
N-Am.
|
Widespread
|
|
Epilobium ciliatum subsp. ciliatum ;(Onagraceae)
|
Asia, Am.
|
NO
|
|
Epilobium ciliatum subsp. glandosum (Onagraceae)
|
N-Am.
|
NO
|
|
Fallopia x bohemica (Polygonaceae, EPPO List of IAP)
|
Asia
|
Widespread
|
|
Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae, EPPO List of IAP)
|
Asia
|
Widespread
|
|
Fallopia sachalinensis (Polygonaceae, EPPO List of IAP, EPPO List of IAP)
|
Asia
|
Widespread
|
|
Festuca rubra commutata (Poaceae)
|
Eur.
|
NO
|
|
Geum macrophyllum (Rosaceae)
|
Asia, N-Am.
|
BE, DK, GB, IS, NL, NO, RU, SE
|
|
Heracleum mantegazzianum (Apiaceae, EPPO List of IAP)
|
Asia (Caucasus)
|
Widespread
|
|
Heracleum persicum (Apiaceae, EPPO A2 List)
|
Asia
|
DK, FI, IS, NO, SE, TR
|
|
Impatiens glandulifera (Balsaminaceae, EPPO List of IAP)
|
Asia
|
Widespread
|
|
Impatiens parviflora (Balsaminaceae)
|
Asia
|
Widespread
|
|
Laburnum alpinum (Fabaceae)
|
Eur.
|
GB, NO, SE
|
|
Laburnum anagyroides (Fabaceae)
|
Eur.
|
Widespread
|
|
Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. galeobdolon (Lamiaceae)
|
Eurasia
|
NO
|
|
Larix decidua (Pinaceae)
|
Eur.
|
DK, EE, LT, NL, NO, SE
|
|
Lepidium latifolium (Brassicaceae)
|
Eurasia, Af.
|
AT, BE, ES (Baleares), IE, LV, LT, NO, SE
|
|
Linaria repens (Plantaginaceae)
|
Eur.
|
Widespread
|
|
Lonicera caerulea (Caprifoliaceae)
|
N-Hemis
|
FI, NO, SE
|
|
Lotus corniculatus var. sativus (Fabaceae)
|
Eurasia, Af.
|
NO
|
|
Lupinus nootkatensis (Fabaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
FI, IS, NO, SE
|
|
Lupinus perennis (Fabaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
NO, SE
|
|
Lupinus polyphyllus (Fabaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
Widespread
|
|
Malus x domestica (Rosaceae)
|
Hort.
|
Widespread
|
|
Melilotus albus (Fabaceae)
|
Eurasia, Af.
|
Widespread
|
|
Myrrhis odorata (Apiaceae)
|
Eur.
|
Widespread
|
|
Odontites verna subsp. serotina
|
Eurasia
|
NO
|
|
Pastinaca sativa var. hortensis (Apiaceae)
|
Eurasia
|
NO
|
|
Phedimus hybridus (Crassulaceae)
|
Eurasia
|
NO, SE
|
|
Picea sitchensis (Pinaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
DK, EE, FR, GB, IS, IE, NO, PL, SE
|
|
Pinus mugo (Pinaceae)
|
Eur.
|
NO
|
|
Pinus strobus (Pinaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
CZ, DK, NO, PL, RU, SE
|
|
Populus x berolinensis (Salicaceae)
|
Hort.
|
DE, DK, EE, FR, GB, IT, LV, PL
|
|
Populus balsamifera (Salicaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
DE, DK, EE, FI, GB, LT, LV, NO, PL, RU, SE
|
|
Ribus rubrum (Grossulariaceae)
|
Eur.
|
Widespread
|
|
Rosa rugosa (Rosaceae, EPPO List of IAP)
|
Asia
|
Widespread
|
|
Salix x fragilis (Salicaceae)
|
Hort.
|
?
|
|
Salix euxina (Salicaceae)
|
Eurasia
|
NO
|
|
Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, EPPO List of IAP)
|
N-Am.
|
Widespread
|
|
Sorbus intermedia (Rosaceae)
|
Eur.
|
DE, GB, IE, LV, NO, SE
|
|
Sorbus mougeotii (Rosaceae)
|
Eur.
|
DK, NO
|
|
Thymus praecox (Lamiaceae)
|
Eur.
|
NO
|
|
Tsuga heterophylla (Pinaceae)
|
N-Am.
|
DK, FR, GB, NO, SE
|
|
Vinca minor (Rauvolfioideae)
|
Eurasia
|
Widespread
|
|
Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae)
|
Eur.
|
NO
|
|
Viola odorata (Violaceae)
|
Eurasia, Af.
|
Widespread
|
Sources
Gederaas L, Moen TL, Skjelseth S, Larsen LK (eds.) (2012) Alien species in Norway – with the Norwegian Black List 2012. The Norwegian Biodiversity Information Centre, Norway. 212 pp.
Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE), database. http://www.europe-aliens.org/
European Network on Invasive Alien Species, NOBANIS database. http://www.nobanis.org/