Spodoptera exempta(LAPHEX)
Distribution details in United States of America
Current pest situation evaluated by EPPO on the basis of information dated
2020: Present, restricted distribution
From CABI Pest map 053 (1955): Present, restricted distribution
From CABI Pest map 053 (1955): Present, restricted distribution
The pest is absent from the US mainland (past records in California, Kansas, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin were misinterpretations of Arnett, 1993), it only occurs in Hawaii.
* Arnett RH Jr. (1993) American Insects : A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. Sandhill Crane Press. Gainesville, Florida, 850 pp.
* Ellis SU (2005) New pest response guidelines: Spodoptera. USDA-APHIS, Riverdale, MD, 74 pp.
* Haggis MJ (1986) Distribution of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the frequency of larval outbreaks in Africa and Arabia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76(1), 151-170.
* Pogue MG (2002) A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). American Entomological Society. 202 pp.
* Rose D, Page W, Dewhurst C (2000) The African armyworm handbook: the status, biology, ecology, epidemiology and management of Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (2). University of Greenwich Natural Resources Institute, Kent, United Kingdom. 304 pp.
* USDA official statement via CABI (2020-04).
* Ellis SU (2005) New pest response guidelines: Spodoptera. USDA-APHIS, Riverdale, MD, 74 pp.
* Haggis MJ (1986) Distribution of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and the frequency of larval outbreaks in Africa and Arabia. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76(1), 151-170.
* Pogue MG (2002) A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenee (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). American Entomological Society. 202 pp.
* Rose D, Page W, Dewhurst C (2000) The African armyworm handbook: the status, biology, ecology, epidemiology and management of Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (2). University of Greenwich Natural Resources Institute, Kent, United Kingdom. 304 pp.
* USDA official statement via CABI (2020-04).