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Chionaspis pinifoliae(PHECPI)

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Hosts

Important note about the classification of host plants in GD:
Categories have been assigned by the EPPO Secretariat on the basis of available data at the time of entry. They correspond to a qualitative evaluation of the importance of the host plant for the pest concerned and remain indicative only.
Further explanation of categories is available in the guide.
Organism Type
Abies (1ABIG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Abies alba (ABIAL) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Abies balsamea (ABIBA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Magasi, 1992
Abies concolor (ABICO) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
Abies fraseri (ABIFR) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Abies grandis (ABIGR) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Calocedrus decurrens (CCDDE) Host 
* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
Cedrus (1CEUG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Cedrus deodara (CEUDE) Host 
*Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species.

* McKenzie HL (1956) Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), pine needle scale, p. 149. In Armored scale insects of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 5.
Cupressus (1CVBG) Host 
* Watson GW (2002) Arthropods of economic importance: Diaspididae of the world. (Series Title: World Biodiversity Database). ETI Information Services (Expert Center for Taxonomic Identification) Amsterdam, Netherlands https://diaspididae.linnaeus.naturalis.nl/linnaeus_ng/app/views/introduction/topic.php?id=3377&epi=155
Juniperus (1IUPG) Host 
* Miller DR, Davidson JA (2005) Armored scale insect pests of trees and shrubs. Cornell Univ. Press Ithaca, NY 442 pp.
Juniperus virginiana (IUPVI) Host 
* Lambdin PL & Watson JK (1980) New collection records for scale insects of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 55, 77–81. 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 
* Liu T, Kosztarab MP & Rhoades M (1989) I. Biosystematics of the adult females of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Scale Insects -- No. 15 (Contribution No. 2 to a National Biological Survey). VAES Bulletin 88-2. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Blacksburg, VA.
Larix laricina (LAXLA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Picea (1PIEG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Picea abies (PIEAB) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304. 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Picea engelmannii (PIEEN) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Picea glauca (PIEGA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Magasi, 1992
Picea mariana (PIEMA) Host 
* Guay JF, Bernier-Desmarais A, Doherty JF & Cloutier C (2018) Bionomics of the pine needle scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), an emerging pest in Christmas tree (Pinaceae) plantations in southern Québec, Canada. The Canadian Entomologist 150(5), 632–636.
Picea orientalis (PIEOR) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Picea pungens (PIEPU) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304. 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Picea rubens (PIERU) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Lambdin PL & Watson JK (1980) New collection records for scale insects of Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 55, 77–81. 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Magasi, 1992
Pinus (1PIUG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
------- Pinus maximartinezii, Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa (as Pinus washoensis).
Pinus albicaulis (PIUAB) Host 
* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
*  Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Pinus arizonica (PIUPR) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus attenuata (PIUAT) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.; 
* Normark BB, Okusu A, Morse GE, Peterson DA, Itioka T & Schneider SA (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa 4616(1), 1–98.
Pinus ayacahuite (PIUAY) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.;
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus banksiana (PIUBN) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.;
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304. 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62
Pinus canariensis (PIUCA) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Rhoades, 1986, as cited by Shour and Schumer 1987; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus caribaea (PIUCB) Host 
* Mestre Novoa N, Hamon AB, Evans GA, Kondo T, Oliver PH, Marrero AH, Alonso A (2011) Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes. Insecta Mundi 0183, 1-25.

* Normark BB, Okusu A, Morse GE, Peterson DA, Itioka T & Schneider SA (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa 4616(1), 1–98.
Pinus cembra (PIUCE) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Shour and Schuder, 1987
Pinus cembroides (PIUCM) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus clausa (PIUCL) Host 
* Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species.
Pinus contorta (PIUCN) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
*  Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.; 
* Normark BB, Okusu A, Morse GE, Peterson DA, Itioka T & Schneider SA (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa 4616(1), 1–98.
Pinus cooperi (PIUCP) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus coulteri (PIUCO) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus densiflora (PIUDE) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Pinus devoniana (PIUDV) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus discolor (PIUDR) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus douglasiana (PIUDO) Host 
* Cibrán-Tovar et al, 1986; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus echinata (PIUEC) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Pinus edulis (PIUED) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus elliottii (PIUEL) Host 
* Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species.
Pinus elliottii var. densa (PIUDN) Host 
* Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species.
Pinus engelmannii (PIUEN) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus flexilis (PIUFL) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Horning and Barr, 1970; as cited by García Morales et al., 2016; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus glabra (PIUGL) Host 
* Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species.
Pinus greggii (PIUGG) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus halepensis (PIUHA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus hartwegii (PIUHW) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus herrerae (PIUHR) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus jeffreyi (PIUJE) Host 
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304. 

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus lambertiana (PIULA) Host 
* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
*  Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Pinus lawsonii (PIULW) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus leiophylla (PIULE) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Pinus lumholtzii (PIULH) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus monophylla (PIUMP) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.; Normark et al. 2019
Pinus montezumae (PIUMZ) Host 
* Cibrián-Tovar D, Ebel BH, Méndez-Montiel JT & Yates III HO (1986) Insectos de conos y semillas de las coniferas de México / Cone and seed insects of the Mexican conifers. Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Asheville, North Carolina, 110 pp.

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Pinus monticola (PIUMO) Host 
* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
*  Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Pinus mugo (PIUMU) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304. 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus muricata (PIUMR) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus nelsonii (PIUNE) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus nigra (PIUNI) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus parviflora (PIUPF) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.
Pinus patula (PIUPT) Host 
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.; 

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus pinceana (PIUPC) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus pinea (PIUPN) Host 
* Britton WE (1922) The pine leaf scale. Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch. (21st Report of the State Entomologist for 1921). Bulletin of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station 234, 181–183.

* Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species.
Pinus ponderosa (PIUPO) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
* Liu T (1987) Biosystematics of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Masters Theses. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. 305 p.                 
Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.;
* Normark BB, Okusu A, Morse GE, Peterson DA, Itioka T & Schneider SA (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa 4616(1), 1–98.
Pinus quadrifolia (PIUQU) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus radiata (PIURA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus remota (PIURM) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus resinosa (PIURE) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304. 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus rigida (PIURI) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus sabiniana (PIUSA) Host 
*  Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus strobiformis (PIUSF) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus strobus (PIUST) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304.
Pinus sylvestris (PIUSI) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304.
Pinus teocote (PIUTE) Host 
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus thunbergii (PIUTH) Host 
* Ahmed MZ & Miller D (2019) Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) (Diaspididae: Coccomorpha: Hemiptera), pine needle scale, a potential pest of Florida pines and the Christmas tree industry, but not established in Florida. Circular. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. FDACS-P-02132, Issue No. 443.
-------intercepted in Florida on this plant species (as Pinus thunbergiana).

* Liu T, Kosztarab MP & Rhoades M (1989) I. Biosystematics of the adult females of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Scale Insects -- No. 15 (Contribution No. 2 to a National Biological Survey). VAES Bulletin 88-2. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Blacksburg, VA.
Pinus torreyana (PIUTO) Host 
* Coleman GA (1903) Coccidae of the Coniferae, with the descriptions of ten new species from California. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 11(2), 61–85.
* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
Pinus tropicalis (PIUTR) Host 
* Mestre Novoa N, Hamon AB, Evans GA, Kondo T, Oliver PH, Marrero AH, Alonso A (2011) Los cocoideos (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) presentes en la Cordillera de Guaniguanico, Pinar del Rio, Cuba, y la relación con sus hospedantes. Insecta Mundi 0183, 1-25.
Pinus virginiana (PIUVI) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* * Liu T, Kosztarab MP & Rhoades M (1989) I. Biosystematics of the adult females of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Scale Insects -- No. 15 (Contribution No. 2 to a National Biological Survey). VAES Bulletin 88-2. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Blacksburg, VA. 

* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304.
Pinus wallichiana (PIUWA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Pseudotsuga menziesii (PSTME) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Gwiazdowski RA, Vea MI, Andersen CJ & Normark BB (2011) Discovery of cryptic species among North American pine-feeding Chionaspis scale insects (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London 104(1), 47–62.
* Normark BB, Okusu A, Morse GE, Peterson DA, Itioka T & Schneider SA (2019) Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae). Zootaxa 4616(1), 1–98.
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304.
Taxus (1TAXG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Taxus brevifolia (TAXBR) Host 
* McKenzie HL (1956) Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), pine needle scale, p. 149. In Armored scale insects of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 5.
Torreya (1TOYG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Torreya californica (TOYCA) Host 
* McKenzie HL (1956) Phenacaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), pine needle scale, p. 149. In Armored scale insects of California. Bull. Calif. Insect Survey, Vol. 5. 

* Liu T, Kosztarab MP & Rhoades M (1989) I. Biosystematics of the adult females of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Scale Insects -- No. 15 (Contribution No. 2 to a National Biological Survey). VAES Bulletin 88-2. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Blacksburg, VA.
Tsuga (1TSUG) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/
Tsuga canadensis (TSUCA) Host 
* INTERNET
ScaleNet. Chionaspis pinifoliae. http://scalenet.info/catalogue/Chionaspis%20pinifoliae/

* Liu T, Kosztarab MP & Rhoades M (1989) I. Biosystematics of the adult females of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Scale Insects -- No. 15 (Contribution No. 2 to a National Biological Survey). VAES Bulletin 88-2. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Blacksburg, VA. 
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304.
Tsuga caroliniana (TSUCR) Host 
* Liu T, Kosztarab MP & Rhoades M (1989) I. Biosystematics of the adult females of the genus Chionaspis (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) of North America, with emphasis on polymorphism. Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Scale Insects -- No. 15 (Contribution No. 2 to a National Biological Survey). VAES Bulletin 88-2. Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station Blacksburg, VA. 
* Shour MH & Schuder DL (1987) Host range and geographic distribution of Chionaspis heterophyllae Cooley and C. pinifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Indiana Academy of Science 96, 297–304.
Tsuga heterophylla (TSUHE) Host 
* Wood, CS & van Sickle GA (1992) Pine needle scale in the Pacific and Yukon Region. Forestry Canada, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC. FIDS Pest Report 92-09. Available at https://scf.rncan.gc.ca/publications?id=31590&&lang=en_CA
------ only occassionally observed.