Preferred name: Humulus scandens
Authority: (Loureiro) Merrill
Taxonomic position: Plantae: Magnoliophyta: Angiospermae: Fabids: Rosales: Cannabaceae
Other scientific names: Antidesma scandens Loureiro, Humulus japonicus var. variegatus Roemer, Humulus japonicus Siebold & Zuccarini
Common names in English: Asian hop, Japanese hop (US)
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EPPO Categorization: A2 list
EU Categorization: IAS of Union concern
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EPPO Code: HUMJA

History of introduction and spread 

Humulus scandens is native to Asia (China, Taiwan, Japan, North and South Korea, Russian Far East and Vietnam). It has been introduced as an ornamental in both Europe and North America where it is becoming an invasive alien species in several regions. 

H. scandens was first imported to America in the late 1800s for use as a tonic in Asian medicine and as an ornamental vine. It is still sold for these purposes today (Pannill et al., 2009). In North America, the earliest records of its escape and naturalization come from Eastern Massachusetts in the 19th century (IPANE, 2005). In Delaware, a few escapes from cultivation were observed in the 1900s. 

Currently, it is most abundantly established in New England, the mid-Atlantic States and some areas of the Midwest that include Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Eastern Nebraska and Kansas (Natureserve, 2017). The establishment of H. scandens is more scattered in the Northern Midwest (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, North and South Dakota) and the south-east (Kentucky, Arkansas, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama). It is not yet established in the most southerly States (Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma and Texas) or west of the Plains region. In total, it is reported from 31 States of the USA (Small, 1997; NatureServe, 2017). The species has been introduced into Canada. 

H. scandens was introduced into Europe (Paris) in approximately 1880 by Thiébaud-Legendre for cultivation as an ornamental species. A voucher herbarium specimen (Th. Delacour, s.n., P) dated 10-07-1881 and collected in the Jardin des Plantes (Paris) indicated it flowered for the first time since its introduction 2 years previously. In 1885, it was presented to the French Horticultural Society by a Mr Cornu who stressed its interest due to its late development, offering a nice bed of greenery at a period of the year where most other plants become dormant. It is assumed that the company Friedrich Röhmer in Quedlinburg (Swaxe-Anhalt, Germany) launched the variegated form (var. variegatus (Siebold & Zucc.) Moldenke) in 1893, although according to Ascherson & Graebner (1908–1913) it was already cultivated in 1886. According to Chevalier (1943), the variegated form had been used since the 1910s for growing over trellises and arbours or sometimes along fences. 

The oldest record of the plant in the wild dates back to 1893 when it was found in wastelands along the road Cours Journu-Auber in Bordeaux (voucher herbarium specimen stored at the herbarium of Cherbourg). In 1947, the species was recorded on wastelands at Porte de la Villette in Paris and in similar conditions in South-West France in Royan in 1958. There are also casual records in Alsace (North-East France) where H. scandens was collected in a waste disposal site near Modenheim. The first established populations were identified in 2004 (Brunel & Tison, 2005) in a disturbed portion of riparian habitat along the Gardon River, near Nîmes in the Mediterranean region (South-East France). Further surveys conducted in 2012 revealed the presence of the species along 40 km of the river between Alès and the confluence of the Gardon River with the Rhône (Pinston, 2013; Mahaut, 2014; Fried et al., 2018). Since 2015, H. scandens has been recorded in a second catchment in the Huveaune River in the city of Marseille (Fried, 2017). In Belgium, the species was first recorded as a casual in 1954 and 1955 (Verloove, 2006).

In Hungary, similar to the situation in France, the first plant was collected in 1880 by N. Filarszky in the botanical garden of Budapest University (Balogh & Dancza, 2008). The first occurrence in the wild was confirmed as early as 1894 with a herbarium specimen collected by V. Borbás at Vésztö in county Békés (Balogh & Dancza, 2008). In the early 1900s, the species had spread and become naturalized in some localities of Hungary such as the environs of Lake Balaton (Balogh & Dancza, 2008). Balogh & Dancza (2008) summarize the current distribution in Hungary and indicate that there are various new localities in the North Hungarian Mountains, Northern Great Hungarian Plain and Southern and Western Transdanubia. 

In Italy (according to the Gruppo di Lavoro Specie Esotiche della Regione Piemonte, 2015), it is believed the plant was introduced for ornamental horticulture and nursery purposes in the late 19th century (1885). It was recorded as naturalized in Tuscany in 1903 (Saccardo, 1909; Arrigoni & Viegi, 2011). The first record for Lombardy is dated 1941. Currently, it is considered invasive in Piedmont, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna (e.g. along the Po river) and naturalized in Veneto and casual in Tuscany. It is not recorded on the islands of Sicily or Sardinia (Celesti-Grapow et al., 2009). 

H. scandens was discovered in 1999 in a locality near Novi Sad, Serbia, in a ruderal humid habitat on the bank of the Danube-Tisa-Danube channel (Savic et al., 2008). The plant was considered as being under a process of naturalization with a risk of ‘becoming a nuisance invasive plant in wetland habitats, similar to Echinocystis lobata (Michx.) Torr. et Gray’ (Savic et al., 2008).

Distribution

EPPO Region: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, France (mainland), Germany, Hungary, Italy (mainland), Romania, Russia (Far East), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine
Asia: China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Archipelago, Shikoku), Korea Dem. People's Republic, Korea, Republic, Mongolia, Taiwan, Vietnam
North America: Canada (Ontario, Québec), United States of America (Alabama, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin)

Plant type 

Herbaceous annual vine. 

Description

The stem is branched, hexangular, twining clockwise on itself (Balogh & Dancza, 2008) and around objects. The height of plant has been reported to range between 0.5 and 5.0 m (Small, 1997; Balogh & Dancza, 2008), but it can grow to heights of 9–11 m (G. Fried, pers. comm., 2018; Panke & Renz, 2013). Leaves are opposite, blades are light green, cordate, palmately lobed with 5-7 (or 5-9) lobes, 5-12 cm long with petioles longer than the blade (Small, 1997; Balogh & Dancza, 2008). Leaf margins are dentate with an acuminate apex; the lower leaf surfaces have pubescent veins, with rigid spinulose hairs, with yellow, sessile, discoid glands. The upper margins of younger leaf blades have stiff cystolithic hairs (i.e. mineral concretions: calcium carbonate or calcium oxalate), which are typical in cells of plant leaves from Urticaceae, Moraceae and Acanthaceae. Male inflorescences form an erected branched panicle, 15-25 cm, flower anthers without glands. Female inflorescences are ovoid cone-like spikes; bracteole ovateorbiculate, 7-10 mm, pilose, margins densely ciliate-hairy. Infructescences pendulous, green, cone-like, ovoid to oblong, (1-)1.5-3.0(-4) cm; bracteoles without yellow glands. Achenes are yellow-brown, ovoid-orbicular, inflated to lenticular, 4-5 mm, glandless.

General 

H. scandens is a dioecious herbaceous annual vine that germinates in early spring. In the EPPO region, seeds of H. scandens germinate in large numbers in early spring starting from mid-April in Hungary (Balogh & Dancza, 2008) but as early as February in southern France (G. Fried, pers. obs., 2017). New seedlings can be observed until early May (Pinston, 2013). This is highly consistent with patterns of germination observed in the native range where emergence occurred from February to early May with a peak in March (Masuda & Washitani, 1990). In a study in March 2014, a mean of 37.9 seedlings m^-2 were measured in 43 plots in the south of France (Fried et al., 2018). A study in the native range found a mean of 32.3+37.0 seedlings m^-2 (Masuda & Washitani, 1990). 

Habitats

In both its native range and its introduced range, H. scandens is a plant of riversides, particularly on the loose, bare surfaces of alluvial bars formed by river and streamsides by temporary floods (Zhou & Bartholomew, 2003; Balogh & Dancza, 2008; Fried et al., 2018). The plant can also invade ruderal areas under climates with no dry seasons. 

In France, the species is invasive in very similar communities to those dominated by the native species Galium aparine, Atriplex prostrata, Rumex crispus, Persicaria lapathifolia, Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Convolvulus sepium and the non-native species Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Artemisia verlotiorum, Artemisia annua, Bidens frondosa, Helianthus tuberosus, and Xanthium orientale subsp. italicum (Fried et al., 2018). In Hungary, it has been described in other communities (such as the syntaxonomical unit: Convolvuletalia sepium) belonging to the same riparian habitats (Balogh & Dancza, 2008). In Italy, in addition to riparian habitats, it is also present in hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels.

Environmental requirements 

In Europe, flowering occurs from July to September (Balogh & Dancza, 2008). In a survey in the south of France in 2013, the first flowers were observed at the end of August, and the first mature fruits were observed at the end of September. Similarly, another survey from France in 2016 detected the first male flowers in mid-August (C. Maillard, CHU Nimes, pers. comm., 2018). In the native range (China and North and South Korea), H. scandens flowers from August to October (Park et al., 1999). Flowers are mainly wind pollinated but are frequently visited by honeybees (Balogh & Dancza, 2008; G. Fried, pers. obs., 2016). In Hungary, fruits are reported to ripen from the middle of August and seeds remain viable for approximately 3 years (Krauss, 1931). 

In a controlled greenhouse experiment (Pinston, 2013), the first shoot ramification appeared at 326 degree days. The mean phyllochron (i.e. the intervening period between the sequential emergences of leaves) was 59.7 degree days (which is much faster than the 138 degree days of another invasive species, Ambrosia artemisiifolia). Male flowers were formed at 1294 degree days while female flowers appeared later at 1329 degree days. 

Natural enemies

Zheng et al. (2004) reviewed the natural enemies feeding on H. scandens in the native range. Nine fungi are known to infect species of the genus Humulus, with only one, Pseudocercospora humuli, that may be specific to H. scandens. Of the 27 insects associated with plants of the genus Humulus, two species, Epirrhoe sepergressa and Chytonix segregata, are reported to have a potential narrow host range (Zheng et al., 2004). In its native range, H. scandens is considered as one of the two main hosts of Apolygus lucorum (Heteroptera: Miridae) (Lu et al., 2012). Amara gigantea, a granivorous beetle, was observed to feed particularly on H. scandens seed in Japan (Sasakawa, 2010). 

A survey of insects found on H. scandens in the south of France in spring 2013 and 2014 highlighted the presence of Thrips urticae, Oxythrips ulmifoliorum, Dendrothrips saltator, Paratettix meridionalis and unidentified species of Aphididae and Collembola. Eggs of Melanostoma sp. and larvae of Altica sp., Chromatomyia horticola and unidentified species of Carabidae, Chrysomelidae, Cicadellidae, Theridiidae and Thripidae were also found (identification Anses – LSV, Unité Entomologie et Plantes Invasives, FR). Leaves of young seedlings are eaten by snails, including Cernuella virgata (da Costa, 1778) and Oxyloma elegans (Riso, 1826) (determination: B. Michel, INRA). Cuscuta campestris, an alien plant parasite frequently observed in riparian habitats, has been observed to cause foliar damage on H. scandens. At the end of the growing season in southern France, H. scandens is attacked by several fungi including Oidium and possibly Fusarium sp. and Cladosporium sp. (identification Anses – LSV, Unité Mycologie). 

According to studies in Germany, H. scandens is a host of the aphid Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Aphididae).

Uses and benefits 

In the EPPO region this species does not have any economic importance apart from limited use as an ornamental and being kept in many botanic gardens. H. scandens is sold as an ornamental plant within the EPPO region, and there are also sales of the species in North America. Typically, mostly female plants are sold in nurseries. H. scandens does not have lupulin glands that produces the bitter substance used to flavour beer and which are present in Humulus lupulus. Therefore, H. scandens has much less economic value than H. lupulus. 

In the native range, the whole plant is used medicinally, and the seed oil is used to make soap (Zhou & Bartholomew, 2003). No other information is known concerning the plant’s economic benefit.

The pathway 'plants for planting' is considered the main entry pathway into the EPPO region (EPPO, 2018). H. scandens has been introduced into Europe as an ornamental species for growing over trellises, arbours or fences (Chevalier, 1943; Balogh & Dancza, 2008). Currently, the plant is not widely sold in the major garden centre chains. However, for garden amateurs, seeds (achenes) of the plant are widely available in more specialized nurseries and it can also be ordered through the Internet. 

According to gardener forums and websites on the Internet, the plant is widely used and exchanged by gardeners and horticulturists, so it is very likely to be present in gardens throughout the EPPO region.

Effects on plants

In its native range in Japan, H. scandens is considered a weedy vine in riparian and floodplains habitats rich in nitrogen and lime, where it covers neighbouring plants such as Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Phragmites australis (Ju et al., 2006) and decreases the diversity of plant communities (Ohtsuka & Nemoto, 1997). 

In the USA, H. scandens can form dense stands that outcompete existing vegetation, especially in moist areas (NatureServe, 2017). It is capable of climbing trees and other nearby vegetation, sometimes resulting in shading, girdling and occasionally even death if trees are small (saplings). It can become the dominant understorey plant (NatureServe, 2017). H. scandens is perceived as predominantly invading open disturbed areas, such as roadsides or disturbed river banks, where it is believed to decrease biodiversity. Conversely, it has also been found in open woodlands, prairies, floodplain herbaceous wet meadows and floodplain forest communities, indicating that it has some tolerance to shade (NatureServe, 2017).

In Hungary, H. scandens has been reported to invade undisturbed ecological corridors (Balogh & Dancza, 2008). It can outcompete native species and is considered as a transformer species that threatens plant communities dominated by Phragmites and Salix (Phragmitetea and Salicetea classes) as well as the Filipendulo–Petasition alliance (Balogh et al., 2004 cited in Balogh & Dancza, 2008). In France, H. scandens has been shown to have a negative impact on native plant communities by reducing species richness and modifying species composition (Mahaut, 2014). In particular, H. scandens can have a negative impact on early emerging spring species, for example Atriplex prostata, Mentha suaveolens, Persicaria hydropiper and Veronica anagallis-aquatica. Dense mats of H. scandens can persist along riverbanks for several years. Ecosystem functioning (e.g. reduced species richness and decrease functional richness) is altered when the species invades riparian habitats. 

Environmental and social impact 

In the USA, H. scandens reduces light levels communitywide when it covers existing dominant vegetation (e.g. saplings) (NatureServe, 2017). By smothering tree saplings in riparian areas, it can modify the dynamics of natural vegetation succession (NatureServe, 2017). H. scandens can negatively affect cultural ecosystem services in the EPPO region, where dense cover of this vine with prickly stems may obstruct river access and recreational activities.

In its native range, many people have an allergic reaction to H. scandens pollen. Aerobiological studies in Beijing (China) and South Korea showed that H. scandens pollen counts are even higher than those of both common mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) (two species with very high pollen counts) and account for about 18% of total pollen during the pollination period (Park et al., 1999).

In France, the cost of various control methods has been estimated as follows: hand pulling, 10.4 EUR m^-2 , mechanical (grinding), 1.1 EUR m^-2, mechanical (mowing), 0.6 EUR m^-2 . Based on the current area where the species was recorded in 2012-2013 (19 949 m² ) and estimated in 2015 (29 924 m² ) on the Gardon River, and with an average cost of 6 EUR m^-2 for management and supplementary costs including travel and time for searching the for plant (estimated to 167 EUR km^-1 over 80 km), as well as miscellaneous and unexpected expenses, the cost of managing all populations would be 580 000 EUR over 2 years. 

H. scandens can be hand-pulled any time of the year. The most effective time to pull is in late spring or early summer before seed formation. If the vine has climbed a tree, below-ground removal only is required. If seeds are present during removal, avoid movement off site unless material can be transported without spreading seed. Three years of removal is typically needed to eradicate an infestation and exhaust the seedbank. 

Mowing or cutting many times a year can control new populations after 3 years, but well-established populations will only be suppressed. Use a mower that bags cut material or rake and bag the cut material after mowing. Dispose of cut material in a landfill or burn it to avoid spreading seeds to other areas. 

Chemical control using herbicides has been shown to be effective at controlling infestations (Panke & Renz, 2013). However, any chemical application near waterbodies may require specific permission from national regulatory authorities. 

There are no known biological control agents for H. scandens and no biological control agents are currently available for release to control Japanese hop. However, the US Forest Service has been investigating natural enemies of plants of Asian origin that are invasive in the USA. They have identified two moths (Epirrhoe sepergressa and Chytonix segregata) and one fungus (Pseudocercospora humuli) as potential natural enemies of Japanese hop and will continue research on those species.

H. scandens was included in the EPPO Alert List in 2007 and subsequently transferred to the List of Invasive Alien Plants in 2012. In 2016, H. scandens was identified as a priority for risk assessment within the requirements of Regulation 1143/2014 (Branquart et al., 2016; Tanner et al., 2017). A subsequent pest risk analysis concluded that H. scandens carries a high phytosanitary risk to the endangered area (EPPO, 2018) and was added to the EPPO A2 List of pests recommended for regulation. In 2019, H. scandens was included on the (EU) list of Union concern (EU Regulation 1143/2014). 

In Italy, H. scandens is included in the Lombardy region black-list established in 2008 according to the regional law of 31 March 2008, no. 10: ‘Disposizioni per la conservazione della piccola fauna e della flora spontanea’. It is also included in the Piedmont region black-list according to the DGR no. 23-2975 of 29 February 2016. 

In the USA, H. scandens is considered a noxious weed in Connecticut where it is categorized as ‘Potentially invasive, banned’ and in Massachusetts where it is ‘Prohibited’.

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Branquart E, Brundu G, Buholzer S, Chapman D, Ehret P, Fried G et al. (2016) A prioritization process for invasive alien plant species incorporating the requirements of the EU Regulation 1143/2014. EPPO Bulletin 47, 603–617.

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This datasheet is an output of a DG Environment, LIFE funding, under the project LIFE15 PRE-FR 001: Mitigating the threat of invasive alien plants in the EU through pest risk analysis to support the EU Regulation 1143/2014. 

The datasheet was produced following an Expert Working Group (EWG) that risk analysed H. scandens for the EPPO region in March 2017. The composition of the EWG was as follows: K. Bohn (Penn State Extension, US), G. Brundu (University of Sassari, IT), D. Chapman (Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, GB), I. Dancza (Syngenta, HR), D. Frohlich (SWCA Environmental Consultants, US), G. Fried (ANSES, FR), J. Hutchinson (The University of Texas, US), S. R. Miller (Bureau of Land Resources, US), J. van Valkenburg (National Plant Protection Organization, NL) and R. Tanner (EPPO).

EPPO (2024) Humulus scandens. EPPO datasheets on pests recommended for regulation. https://gd.eppo.int (accessed 2024-11-07)

This datasheet was first published in the EPPO Bulletin in 2019 and is now maintained in an electronic format in the EPPO Global Database. The sections on 'Identity' and 'Geographical distribution' are automatically updated from the database. For other sections, the date of last revision is indicated on the right.

EPPO (2019) Humulus scandens (Lour.) Merr. Datasheets on pests recommended for regulation. EPPO Bulletin 49(2), 267-272. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12524