Preferred name: Liriomyza huidobrensis
Authority: (Blanchard)
Taxonomic position: Animalia: Arthropoda: Hexapoda: Insecta: Diptera: Agromyzidae
Other scientific names: Agromyza huidobrensis Blanchard, Liriomyza cucumifoliae Blanchard, Liriomyza decora Blanchard, Liriomyza dianthi Frick, Liriomyza langei Frick
Common names in English: South American leaf miner, pea leaf miner, serpentine leaf miner
view more common names online...
Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature EPPO Categorization: A2 list
EU Categorization: PZ Quarantine pest (Annex III)
view more categorizations online...
EPPO Code: LIRIHU

Agromyzidae are usually restricted to a limited number of host plants but a few species are highly polyphagous and have become important pests. Liriomyza huidobrensis is one of these species and causes severe damage to vegetable crops and ornamental plants. In a review, Weintraub et al. (2017) have recorded 365 host plant species from 49 families. L. huidobrensis is a key pest of potato especially in South America. In the EPPO region, L. huidobrensis is a major pest of chrysanthemums, Primula, Verbena, lettuces, Phaseolus, cucumbers, celery and Cucurbita pepo (ADAS, 1991).

Host list: Abelmoschus esculentus, Ageratum conyzoides, Alcea rosea, Allium ampeloprasum, Allium ascalonicum, Allium cepa, Allium chinense, Allium fistulosum, Allium porrum, Allium sativum, Allium schoenoprasum, Alstroemeria aurea, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Amaranthus blitum, Amaranthus caudatus, Amaranthus hybridus, Amaranthus retroflexus, Amaranthus tricolor, Amaranthus viridis, Apium graveolens var. dulce, Apium graveolens, Arctium lappa, Arctium minus, Argyranthemum frutescens, Argyranthemum sp., Artemisia annua, Artemisia argyi, Asparagus officinalis, Aster sp., Barbarea sp., Basella alba, Bellis perennis, Benincasa hispida, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. cicla, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. conditiva, Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris var. crassa, Beta vulgaris, Bidens pilosa, Brassica juncea, Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra, Brassica oleracea var. botrytis, Brassica oleracea var. capitata, Brassica oleracea var. italica, Brassica oleracea var. viridis, Brassica oleracea, Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis, Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis, Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris, Brassica rapa, Bupleurum sp., Calceolaria crenatiflora, Calendula officinalis, Callistephus chinensis, Calystegia hederacea, Calystegia sepium, Campanula medium, Capsella bursa-pastoris, Capsicum annuum, Capsicum baccatum, Capsicum frutescens, Cardamine hirsuta, Carduus crispus, Carduus nutans, Carthamus tinctorius, Catharanthus roseus, Celosia argentea, Centaurea cyanus, Centella asiatica, Chenopodiastrum murale, Chenopodium album, Chenopodium hircinum, Chenopodium petiolare, Chenopodium quinoa, Chrysanthemum sp., Chrysanthemum x morifolium, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium endivia, Cichorium intybus, Cineraria sp., Citrullus lanatus, Clarkia amoena, Colocasia esculenta, Conyza sp., Coriandrum sativum, Cosmos bipinnatus, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Crassocephalum rubens, Crepis pulchra, Crotalaria longirostrata, Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbita maxima, Cucurbita moschata, Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca, Cucurbita pepo, Cynara scolymus, Dahlia imperialis, Dahlia pinnata, Dahlia sp., Datura ferox, Datura sp., Datura stramonium, Daucus carota subsp. sativus, Daucus carota, Deeringia amaranthoides, Delphinium grandiflorum, Dianthus barbatus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Dianthus chinensis, Dianthus hybrids, Diascia sp., Dichrocephala auriculata, Diplotaxis muralis, Dysphania ambrosioides, Echinops ritro, Eclipta prostrata, Emilia sonchifolia, Erechtites hieraciifolius, Erigeron bonariensis, Erigeron breviscapus, Erigeron canadensis, Eupatorium caelestinum, Euphorbia marginata, Eustoma russellianum, Freesia refracta, Gaillardia pulchella, Galinsoga parviflora, Galinsoga quadriradiata, Gazania sp., Gerbera jamesonii, Gladiolus hybrids, Glebionis coronaria, Glebionis segetum, Glycine max, Gomphrena globosa, Goniolimon tataricum, Gypsophila elegans, Gypsophila paniculata, Helianthus annuus, Helianthus sp., Helichrysum sp., Hemerocallis fulva, Hemistepta lyrata, Hibiscus trionum, Hirschfeldia sp., Hordeum vulgare, Humulus scandens, Hydrangea macrophylla, Hydrocotyle umbellata, Impatiens balsamina, Ipomoea aquatica, Ipomoea batatas, Kalimeris indica, Lablab purpureus, Lactuca indica, Lactuca sativa var. angustana, Lactuca sativa var. capitata, Lactuca sativa var. crispa, Lactuca sativa var. longifolia, Lactuca sativa, Lagenaria siceraria, Lagenaria sp., Lagurus ovatus, Lathyrus latifolius, Lathyrus odoratus, Launaea intybacea, Leonurus japonicus, Leonurus sibiricus, Leucanthemum vulgare, Levisticum officinale, Lilium davidii, Lilium longiflorum, Lilium sp., Limonium hybrids, Limonium platyphyllum, Linum sp., Linum usitatissimum, Luffa acutangula, Luffa aegyptiaca, Lupinus sp., Lycium chinense, Malva verticillata, Matthiola incana, Medicago minima, Medicago sativa, Melilotus suaveolens, Moluccella laevis, Momordica charantia, Myosotis sylvatica, Nasturtium officinale, Nemesia strumosa, Nicotiana glauca, Nicotiana tabacum, Nigella damascena, Ocimum basilicum, Oenanthe javanica, Oenothera rosea, Osteospermum sp., Oxalis corniculata, Oxalis sp., Papaver rhoeas, Pericallis cruenta, Persicaria amphibia, Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria nepalensis, Petroselinum sp., Petunia hybrids, Petunia sp., Phaseolus coccineus, Phaseolus lunatus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Phlox drummondii, Physalis angulata, Pisum sativum, Plantago asiatica, Plantago major, Platycodon grandiflorus, Polygonum aviculare, Portulaca oleracea, Primula obconica, Primula vulgaris, Pseudognaphalium affine, Pycnosorus globosus, Ranunculus asiaticus, Ranunculus chinensis, Ranunculus sceleratus, Ranunculus sieboldii, Ranunculus viridis, Raphanus sativus, Rhodanthe chlorocephala subsp. rosea, Ricinus communis, Rorippa indica, Rorippa palustris, Rosa sp., Rumex acetosa, Sagittaria sagittifolia, Salvia splendens, Sambucus sp., Schistocarpha platyphylla, Scilla luciliae, Sechium edule, Setaria viridis, Sida sp., Silene gallica, Solanum americanum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, Solanum muricatum, Solanum nigrum, Solanum tuberosum, Solidago sp., Sonchus asper, Sonchus brachyotus, Sonchus oleraceus, Spinacia oleracea, Stachys arvensis, Stellaria media, Stellaria uliginosa, Stellaria yunnanensis, Stephania delavayi, Streptocarpus sp., Synedrella nodiflora, Tagetes erecta, Tagetes patula, Tagetes tenuifolia, Tanacetum cinerariifolium, Tanacetum parthenium, Taraxacum mongolicum, Taraxacum officinale, Trianthema portulacastrum, Trifolium repens, Triticum aestivum, Tropaeolum majus, Vaccaria hispanica, Verbena officinalis, Veronica anagallis-aquatica, Vicia faba, Vicia sativa, Vicia tetrasperma, Vigna mungo, Vigna unguiculata subsp. unguiculata, Vigna unguiculata, Viola philippica, Viola tricolor, Viola yezoensis, Xerochrysum bracteatum, Zea mays, Zehneria odorata, Zinnia elegans

L. huidobrensis originates in Central and South America and was absent from other continents until the 1980s. It was first detected in the EPPO region in 1987 in the Netherlands where it was found on glasshouse lettuces. It has since spread to several other European countries, Asia, Africa, North America and Oceania.

EPPO Region: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Finland, France (mainland), Germany, Greece (mainland, Kriti), Hungary, Israel, Italy (mainland, Sicilia), Jordan, Malta, Montenegro, Morocco, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal (mainland, Madeira), Serbia, Spain (mainland, Islas Canárias), Switzerland, Türkiye
Africa: Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius, Morocco, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Zimbabwe
Asia: China (Chongqing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Xizhang, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Israel, Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu), Jordan, Korea Dem. People's Republic, Korea, Republic, Lebanon, Malaysia (West), Nepal, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Yemen
North America: Canada (Ontario), Mexico, United States of America (Hawaii)
Central America and Caribbean: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama
South America: Argentina, Brazil (Ceara, Goias, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo), Chile (Easter Island), Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela
Oceania: Australia (New South Wales, Queensland), Guam

The principal biological characteristics which make certain Liriomyza spp. particularly successful pests are their rapid population growth and their ability to attack a wide range of different host plants (Reitz et al. 2013).

Details about the life history of Liriomyza huidobrensis are summarized from Lanzoni et al. (2002), Parrella (1987), Spencer (1973), Videla et al. (2006) and Weintraub & Horowitz (1995).

After mating female flies puncture the leaf surface of the host plants with their ovipositor causing wounds which serve as sites for feeding or oviposition. Females can make up to 277 punctures per day but eggs are laid in only 5 to 10% of them. Males can also take advantage of these feeding sites as they are less well equipped for puncturing plant tissue. Females can live for 18 days but males for only up to 6 days. Eggs are inserted in the lower surface of leaves. The duration of the egg stage varies from 1.5 to 5 days depending on the temperature and host plant. Females lay an average of 8 to 14 eggs per day.

There are three larval stages which, in total, last 3.6-14 days depending on the temperature and host plant. Larval feeding forms irregular linear mines. Just before pupation, mature larvae cut semi-circular exit slits in the upper surface of the leaves. After a short period, larvae drop to the ground and then burrow just below the surface of the soil or in crop debris before pupating. The pupal stage lasts from 8 to 24 days depending on the temperature and host plant.

In Northern Europe, L. huidobrensis is mainly a glasshouse pest, but a proportion of puparia can survive outdoors during an average Dutch winter (Van der Linden, 1993). However, in Southern Ontario L. huidobrensis seemed unable to overwinter (Martin et al., 2005).

Symptoms

The most important damage caused by Liriomyza spp. is due to larval mining in the leaf tissue. As for the feeding and oviposition punctures, larval mining reduces the aesthetic value of ornamentals, decreases the photosynthetic capacity of leaves and can ultimately cause defoliation in severe cases (Spencer 1973). Mines are irregular linear structures in the leaf tissue. They are off-white with trails of dark frass in their margins.

Liriomyza spp. adults cause two main types of damage to their host plants, feeding and oviposition punctures (Minkeberg & van Lenteren 1986; Reitz et al. 2013). Adult feeding and oviposition punctures reduce the aesthetic value of ornamental plants and can lead to death of young plants by reducing photosynthetic capacity. Punctures can also be invaded by fungi and bacteria causing additional damage to host plants. Feeding punctures appear as uneven rounded white speckles on the leaf surface whereas oviposition punctures are smaller and more rounded. These symptoms are not used as a diagnostic character as there is no variation between Liriomyza spp.

Morphology

Detailed description of the morphology of immature and adult L. huidobrensis is given in Spencer (1973). The main diagnostic characters of the four regulated Liriomyza spp. (L. bryoniae, L. huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii) can be found in the IPPC diagnostic protocol for the genus Liriomyza (IPPC, 2017) and the EPPO Standard on diagnostics PM 7/53 (2) Liriomyza spp. (EPPO, 2022a). The following sections summarize this information.

Eggs

Oval and white, 0.25 mm long.

Larva

There are three larval stages that range from 0.5 mm in length for the first instar to 3.25 mm for the last one. Their shape is cylindrical and tapering towards the head. The anterior and posterior spiracles are located on projections and the posterior spiracles are composed of an ellipse of 6 to 9 pores. L. huidobrensis larvae are cream-colored except in the last stage where a yellow-orange patch appears dorsally at the anterior end.

Puparium

Oval cylinder in shape of about 2.0 mm, yellowish- or reddish-brown or almost black. The spiracles are still visible in the pupal stage.

Adult

Small 1-3 mm long mostly black flies, with a yellow-orange frons and yellow scutellum. The orbital setulae are reclinate, the costa extends to vein M₁₊₂ and the femora are predominantly yellow. Male genitalia are characteristic of the genus.

Detection and inspection methods

There are more than 400 species of Liriomyza (GBIF, 2023) and their morphological identification relies on the male genitalia. Adult females can only be used for genus level identification. Likewise, there are no keys available for species level identification of the immature stages. L. huidobrensis males can thus be separated from the very similar L. bryoniae, L. trifolii, L. sativae and L. strigata by the structure of their distiphallus (terminal part of the intromittent organ) which has a pair of distal bulbs with spiraled rims. The bulbs meet in the midline only at their rims. L. huidobrensis is morphologically indistinguishable from L. langei (EPPO, 2022a; IPPC 2017).

The mines caused by larval feeding can also be useful for detection but this character should be used in combination with other characters as mine pattern is influenced by environmental factors (EPPO, 2022a). Other flies as well as some Lepidoptera are known to have leaf-mining larvae and can potentially be confused with Agromyzidae. Nonetheless, the characteristic feeding punctures of Liriomyza spp. allows diagnosticians to differentiate them from other leafminers.

In the absence of male adults for morphological identification, the following molecular tests can be used for L. huidobrensis species identification: PCR RFLP targeting the COII gene (Kox et al., 2005), conventional multiplex PCR targeting the COI gene (Nakamura et al., 2013), an on-site LAMP test, multiplex real-time PCR (Sooda et al. 2017), and DNA barcoding based on the COI gene (EPPO, 2021). These molecular techniques are summarized in the EPPO and the IPPC diagnostic protocols for regulated Liriomyza species. Recently, molecular identification based on next generation sequencing techniques are also being developed (Frey et al., 2022).

Adults are capable of limited flight and can be dispersed by wind currents (see Malipatil et al. 2016 for references), but are unlikely to spread over long distances. The high degree of polyphagy of L. huidobrensis as well as the concealed lifestyle of its larvae make its dissemination through the movement of plant material the most likely mean of colonizing new countries (EFSA, 2012; Parrela, 1987, Reitz et al., 2013). L. huidobrensis is regularly intercepted in trade, in particular on leafy vegetables and cut flowers (Europhyt, 2023).

Economic impact

Liriomyza spp. are highly polyphagous and invasive and cause severe damage to vegetable crops and ornamentals through adult feeding, oviposition and larval mining. L. huidobrensis originates from Central and South America and has spread to Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Oceania (CABI, 2021). It is a key pest of potato especially in South America and can cause yield losses of 50% to 100% depending on the year, country and infestation level (Kwon et al., 2018; Mujica & Kroschel, 2013; Rauf et al., 2000, Shepard et al., 1998). In Northern Europe, L. huidobrensis is primarily a glasshouse pest but since it has spread to Mediterranean countries, it has appeared on outdoor crops such as lettuce and beet (Echevarria et al., 1994). In Israel, it was found to be a much more serious pest than L. trifolii (Weintraub & Horowitz, 1995).

Control

The most common control strategy for Liriomyza spp. is the extensive use of chemical control methods. However, Liriomyza spp. are known to readily develop insecticide resistance (Reitz et al. 2013), unlike their local parasitoids, and thus causing serious leafminer outbreaks. Some insecticides are effective against Liriomyza spp. (Schuster & Everett, 1983). These are translaminar and target the larvae inside the leafmines. Biological control methods are increasingly being used in horticultural industries and commercial vegetable production (Liu et al., 2009). There are more than 140 described species of Liriomyza parasitoids and these are the primary agents used in biological control strategies. In open fields, integrated pest management strategies promoting local parasitoid diversity are commonly used to control Liriomyza spp. In the more controlled greenhouse environments, commercially available parasitoids, such as species in the genus Diglyphus, are also reported to successfully regulate Liriomyza infestations. Predators and entomopathogenic nematodes and fungi are also known but there are a limited number of species and they are not considered as efficient control agents.

Phytosanitary risk

Liriomyza huidobrensis is a highly polyphagous species present in Europe essentially in the Mediterranean region. The main dispersal mechanism is through the trade related movement of plant material hosting the immature stages of L. huidobrensis (EFSA, 2012). The latter are cryptic and can easily go undetected in plants for planting, soil, fruit and vegetables, cut flowers and branches with foliage.

It can be recommended that host plants for planting from countries where L. huidobrensis is present are inspected over three months at regular intervals before export can take place, to verify the absence the pest itself or any signs of its presence. General guidance on how to conduct inspections of places producing vegetable plants for planting under protected conditions can be found in the EPPO Standard PM 3/77 (EPPO, 2022b). In the European Union, specific measures are taken to protect areas that are still free from L. huidobrensis (Protected Zones), which means that plant material should respect a list of established rules (Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2021/2285) before being cleared for import into the Protected Zones.

ADAS (1991) Protected crops technical notes No. 144. Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK.

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EFSA (2012) EFSA Panel on Plant Health: Baker R, Bragard C, Candresse T, Gilioli G, Grégoire J-C, Holb I, Jeger MJ, Evtimova Karadjova O, Magnusson C, Makowski D, Manceau C, Navajas M, Rafoss T, Rossi V, Schans J, Schrader G, Urek G, van Lenteren JC, Vloutoglou I, Winter S & van der Werf W. cientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) in the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA Journal 10(12), 3028. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2012.3028

EPPO (2021) EPPO Standards. PM 7/129 (2) DNA barcoding as an identification tool for a number of regulated pests: DNA barcoding Arthropods. EPPO Bulletin 51(1), 100–143.

EPPO (2022a) EPPO Standards. PM 7/53 (2) Liriomyza spp. EPPO Bulletin 52(2), 326-345.

EPPO (2022b) EPPO Standards. Phytosanitary Procedures. PM 3/77 (2) Vegetable plants for planting under protected conditions - Inspection of places of production. EPPO Bulletin 52(3), 526-543.

Europhyt (2023) Interceptions of harmful organisms in imported plants and other objects. European Commission. https://food.ec.europa.eu/plants/plant-health-and-biosecurity/europhyt/interceptions_en [last accessed 2023-10].

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IPPC (2017) DP 16: Genus Liriomyza. International Standard for Phytosanitary measures 27, annex 16. https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2017/01/DP_16_2016_En_2017-01-30.pdf

Kox LFF, Van Den Beld H E, Lindhout BI & De Goffau LJW (2005) Identification of economically important Liriomyza species by PCR‐RFLP analysis. EPPO Bulletin 35(1), 79-85.

Kwon M, Kim J & Maharjan R (2018) Effect of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) density on foliar leaf damage and yield loss in potato. Applied Entomology and Zoology 53, 411-418.

Lanzoni A, Bazzocchi GG, Burgio G & Fiacconi MR (2002) Comparative life history of Liriomyza trifolii and Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on beans: effect of temperature on development. Environmental Entomology 31(5), 797-803.

Liu T-X, Kang Le, Heinz KM & Trumble J (2009) Biological control of Liriomyza leafminers: progress and perspective. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 4, 004

Malipatil M, Blacket M, Wainer J, Ridland P & Reviewer Jones DC (Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics) (2016) National Diagnostic Protocol for Liriomyza trifolii – NDP27 V1. https://www.plantbiosecuritydiagnostics.net.au/app/uploads/2018/11/NDP-27-American-serpentine-leaf-miner-Liriomyza-trifolii-V1.pdf

Martin AD, Hallett RH, Sears MK & McDonald MR (2005) Overwintering ability of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) in Southern Ontario, Canada. Environmental Entomology 34(4), 743-747.

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Mujica N & Kroschel J (2013) Pest intensity-crop loss relationships for the leafminer fly Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) in different potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) varieties. Crop Protection 47, 6-16.

Nakamura S, Masuda T, Mochizuki A, Konishi K, Tokumaru S, Ueno K & Yamaguchi T (2013) Primer design for identifying economically important Liriomyza species (Diptera: Agromyzidae) by multiplex PCR. Molecular Ecology Resources 13, 96–102.

Parrella MP (1987) Biology of Liriomyza. Annual Review of Entomology 32(1), 201-224.

Rauf A, Shepard BM & Johnson MW (2000) Leafminers in vegetables, ornamental plants and weeds in Indonesia: surveys of host crops, species composition and parasitoids. International Journal of Pest Management 46(4), 257-266.

Reitz SR, Gao Y & Lei Z (2013) Insecticide use and the ecology of invasive Liriomyza leafminer management. Insecticides-development of safer and more effective technologies. In: Insecticides. Development of safer and more effective technologies (ed. Trdan S) IntechOpen, 235-255. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/53874

Scheffer SJ (2000) Molecular evidence of cryptic species within the Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 93(4), 1146–1151.

Scheffer SJ & Lewis ML (2001) Two nuclear genes confirm mitochondrial evidence of cryptic species within Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94(5), 648–653.

Schuster DJ & Everett PH (1983) Response of Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera:Agromyzidae) to insecticides on tomato. Journal of Economic Entomology 76, 1170-1174.

Shepard B, Samsudin M & Braun AR (1998) Seasonal incidence of Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae) and its parasitoids on vegetables in Indonesia. International Journal of Pest Management 44, 43e47.

Spencer KA (1973) Agromyzidae (Diptera) of Economic Importance. Series Entomologica 9, 418 pp. Junk, The Hague, Netherlands.

Sooda A, Gunawardana D, Li D & Kumarasinghe L (2017) Multiplex real‐time PCR assay for the detection of three invasive leafminer species: Liriomyza huidobrensis, L. sativae and L. trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Austral Entomology 56(2), 153-159.

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Van der Linden A (1993) Overwintering of Liriomyza bryoniae and Liriomyza huidobrensis in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the Section Experimental and Applied Entomology of the Netherlands Entomological Society No. 4, 145-150.

Videla M, Valladares G & Salvo A (2006) A tritrophic analysis of host preference and performance in a polyphagous leafminer. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata,121(2), 105-114.

Weintraub PG & Horowitz AR (1995) The newest leafminer pest in Israel, Liriomyza huidobrensis. Phytoparasitica 23, 177-184.

Weintraub PG, Scheffer SJ, Visser D, Valladares G, Soares Correa A, Shepard BM, Rauf A, Murphy ST, Mujica N, MacVean C & Kroschel J (2017) The invasive Liriomyza huidobrensis (Diptera: Agromyzidae): understanding its pest status and management globally. Journal of Insect Science 17(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/iew121

This datasheet was extensively revised in 2024 by Sarah Chérasse, ANSES. Her valuable contribution is gratefully acknowledged.

EPPO (2024) Liriomyza huidobrensis. EPPO datasheets on pests recommended for regulation. https://gd.eppo.int (accessed 2024-12-03)

This datasheet was first published in the first edition of 'Quarantine Pests for Europe' in 1992 and revised in its second edition in 1997, as well as in 2024. It is now maintained in an electronic format in the EPPO Global Database. The sections on 'Identity', ‘Hosts’, and 'Geographical distribution' are automatically updated from the database. For other sections, the date of last revision is indicated on the right.

CABI/EPPO (1992/1997) Quarantine Pests for Europe (1st and 2nd edition). CABI, Wallingford (GB).